Everything you wanted to know about the types of coffee drinks

Coffee is one of the most popular drinks. But not everyone knows about its types, composition and positive / negative properties. This article provides the most interesting and useful facts about this invigorating substance.

At the moment, coffee is known as one of the most popular drinks in the world due to its bitter taste, pleasant aroma and invigorating property. It is difficult to imagine the description of a perfect morning without a fragrant cup of freshly made coffee. Moreover, this drink is considered an obligatory component of a business meeting, rendezvous, and friendly gatherings.

Now more and more often you can hear how some coffee house belongs to a certain coffee wave. This term is coined to highlight the historical stages in the development of the industry and in relation to the drink. At the time of the first wave of coffee was a mass product of low quality. He was rarely paid serious attention, preferred to drink soluble from the companies Nescafe and Maxwell. The second wave is associated with the discovery and expansion of Starbucks, because their concept was to enjoy the process of drinking coffee. At the same time, various syrups and additives appeared.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the concept of the “third coffee wave” has been actively used. Its main difference from the previous ones is that coffee is not just a drink, but its preparation is an art. At the same time, whole coffee brewing championships appeared, and the price of high-quality farm grains increased 5 times. This confirms that people have started to pay more and more attention to interesting and good coffee houses, they want to learn more about this daily and seemingly such familiar and familiar attribute.

• The main coffee drink that serves as a base for many others is espresso (in Italy - caffe). It is quite concentrated, preparing quickly, under strong pressure. The portion usually equals 30-40 ml. It is recommended to drink hot, pre-mixed. Common varieties include:
  • doppio - double portion;
  • tripplo - respectively, triple.
• Americano - espresso, which after cooking is diluted with water in the ratio of 1: 3. Due to this, the taste and aroma become softer. Cream or milk is often added. The story is this: during the Second World War for European soldiers, European coffee was too strong, and they diluted it with boiling water.
• Lungo (with Italian. - "long") - The volume is something between espresso and American, but it contains a double dose of caffeine. Also called "espresso in Italian."
• Ristretto ("fast") - the most concentrated and strong, usually they drink without sugar and after a glass of cool water, which helps to prevent dehydration and clear taste buds.
• Romano ("Roman") - accommodates lemon juice, sometimes zest or lemon slice.
• Viennese coffee (con panna - “with cream”) - on top lie whipped cream and vanilla, spices (cinnamon, nutmeg), orange peel or chocolate. It has been popular since the 17th century.

The classification of coffee takes into account the type of wood, the quality of the grains and the way they are processed. There are about 50 types of coffee tree, but only a few are actively used.

1. Arabica (Arabian Coffee Treeso) - occupies about 70% of the market, has a delicate, sweet, slightly sour taste.
2. Robusta (Canephorus Robusta Coffee Tree) - this type accounts for almost 30% of world consumption, has a higher fortress. Often used in the production of instant coffee.
3. Liberica (Liberian Coffee Tree) - The plant itself is very unpretentious, but barren, and the fruits do not differ in taste. Often added to various mixtures due to the strong flavor.

Basically, the taste of coffee depends on the degree of roasting beans. The darker it is, the less caffeine is usually left in, and the taste becomes fuller and fuller. The French and Italians prefer a darker, adding flavor of caramel and chocolate, in contrast to the Americans, who like to preserve the sourness inherent in light and medium roasting.

Traditional drinks from coffee beans are the following.

• Cappuccino - contains equal amounts of espresso, preheated milk and the so-called “hood” of milk foam. Often sprinkled with cocoa, grated chocolate or cinnamon. Standard volume - 150-180 ml, served in a wide bowl. According to the legend, it was the capuchin monks (from cappucio - “hood”) who first began to pour pre-whipped milk into coffee, due to which the drink got its name.
• Latte (with Italian - “milk”) - The concentration of coffee is much less than that of cappuccino, due to this, the drink is lighter and more tender. There are differences in serving: latte served in Irish-glass and drink through a straw.

Drinks like lattes.

• Latte Macchiato (with Italian. - "spotted") - do not mix layers of coffee and milk.

• Mocha (Mokachino) - add cocoa powder or chocolate syrup.

• Flat white - consists of doppio and foamed milk, was coined in Australia in order to preserve the balance of coffee and dairy flavors and prevent the second from leading, like in a latte.

• Rough - Prepared from a portion of espresso, cream and vanilla sugar or syrup. All components are whipped cappuccino maker. If you change the sugar for honey, you get a honey buffet - a cocktail that was invented in Russia in the 90s. Properly cooked, it has a dense texture.

• Glace - a cooling drink with a scoop of ice cream, sprinkled with chocolate chips. It is popular in hot weather, and for the sweetness of his love for children. There is a legend that one Austrian guy, hurrying on business, ran for a cappuccino. But since the bartender ran out of milk, he replaced it with ice cream. Since then, the drink has appeared in the menu and has become one of the summer attributes.

The most unusual are listed below.

• Irish (Irish coffee) - With the addition of alcohol and whipped cream. Also called and low glasses with a small handle, which serves other types of coffee. His story is connected with one of the flights across the Atlantic in 1942, when, due to bad weather, the plane was forced to land not in New York, but in the Irish city of Feynes. To warm the passengers, bartender Joe Sheridan served them this drink in a beer glass, for want of others. The most common type of alcohol is Jameson Irish whiskey or Baileys cream liqueur.

• Coretto - also alcoholic, but the list of possible additives is much more: vodka, brandy, Italian grappa, brandy, sambuca.

• Espresso tonic - poured tonic and ice into coffee. Appeared in Sweden.

• Coffee brulee - contains a lot of components, namely: coffee, black tea, brandy, sugar and spices.

• Frappe - whipped with ice in a blender or shaker until foam appears. There are also variations with ice cream, chocolate and liqueurs. Especially true in the heat.

• Avolatte - The idea to serve a latte in an avocado peel was born in Melbourne. There are also feeds in carrots, wafer cones and edible cups (for example, in KFC).

• Coal Latte - the strangest thing is that the recipe does not even contain coffee beans - only milk and charcoal.

• Vincent Vega - The name is given in honor of the hero “Pulp Fiction”, who loved vanilla cola. And yes, here is the main ingredient.
• Guillermo - for citrus lovers who are tired of romance with sour lemon. Lime is added instead.

• Egg (Cà Phê Trong) - appeared in Vietnam. It has a very delicate creamy taste due to beaten egg yolk and condensed milk.

• Cheese (Kaffeost) - Lapland cheese is dipped in coffee. Common in Scandinavian countries.

• Coffee and butter - in Asia, add butter or sunflower oil in order to increase the nutritional value of breakfast.

• Nitric - the invention of Nate Armbrost, having bubbles and a delicate flavor.

• From dandelions - for those who want to do without caffeine, the roots of this plant serve as a wonderful substitute for traditional coffee. They contain enough vitamin C, have a positive effect on the liver and adrenal glands, have diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties.

In addition to caffeine, grains contain elements that positively affect the functioning of the organs: iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus; antioxidants that slow down aging and the development of diseases. Even coffee contains vitamins (groups B, PP, E), fats, proteins, sugar - more than 200 different substances in total. Separately, it is possible to isolate tannin, namely, co-subtubular acid, which is the cause of bitter taste.

In addition to the classical methods of making coffee beans, There are many original alternatives, among which are the following.

• Kemeks - was invented by chemist Peter Schlumb in 1941. This was the main idea of ​​the advertising campaign: “Brew coffee as a chemist”. The shape is like an hourglass, and it takes about 4 minutes to make a drink. For this method it is better to choose coarse grinding and light roasting of grain.
• Aeropress - the invention of the engineer Alan Adler in 2005. This method ideally combines pressure, practicality, speed (only 3 minutes) and absolute control over the result. Suitable fine or medium grinding.
• Purover (hario, V60) - Exists since 1908, the Japanese company Hario patented in 1975. This method allows you to maximize the flavor and preserve the purity of taste. The grinding takes a little less than for the aeropress, preparing 4-5 minutes.
• Siphon (gabet) - appeared in the second half of the XIX century, but because of the fragility of glass, it quickly ceased to be popular.
• Cold Brue - cold infusion coffee. It has a high concentration of caffeine and a long shelf life. Prepares the longest, about 8-12 hours.
• Turkish - The oldest method (exists from the 5th century), for which a Turk or a jazz is needed. It is put on hot sand or a small open fire. The main thing is not to boil coffee, but to be able to preserve the taste and aroma. Drink hot, sometimes with spices, it is recommended to drink water. In 2013, it was included in the list of intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO.

At home, in the absence of coffee machines, coffee is brewed in the Turk. Useful tools will be a manual coffee grinder and milk frother, but at first you can do without them. So, to make a delicious coffee at home, you need to perform the following steps.

• Choose a quality Turk. It is better to give preference to copper, since ceramic is not so durable, stainless steel is unevenly heated, and clay should be used only for one grade, as they absorb odors.
• Buy freshly roasted coffee beans. We must wait at least 2-3 days after roasting, then the process of degassing will end (carbon dioxide) and the ideal phase for consumption will come (7-12 days). The older the roast, the more stale and less tasty coffee becomes.
• Grind coffee. Of course, you can buy already ground, but it very quickly loses the flavor. The best option - a mechanical coffee grinder with a millstone. Since it allows you to adjust the amount of grinding, it will be uniform. Suitable for storage are tightly closed containers or cans that do not allow light and moisture.
• Use only cold, clean drinking water without gas. 1 spoon of coffee - 75 ml.
• Pour a teaspoon of ground seeds in a Turk. At the same time, you can add sugar, salt and / or spices.
• Put a Turk on a small fire, stir once.
• Remove as soon as foam begins to appear. It is important to remember that coffee cannot be brought to a boil, the optimum temperature is 93-95 ° C.
• Ready drink at will to add with cream or milk and various additives.
• Latte and cappuccino dairy foam can be made using a blowing agent, a mixer or a blender.Milk for this is heated, but, again, do not boil.

Finland is the world leader in drinking coffee. The average is 5 cups per 1 adult, that is 12 kg per year. For the discovery of the invigorating properties of coffee, we must thank the Ethiopian goats. Having eaten berries at that moment of an unknown plant, they became sharply more energetic, as the shepherd noticed. First, the fruits of coffee trees were eaten, and only then they guessed (according to legend, due to fire) to fry them.

The largest suppliers of coffee beans are Ethiopia, Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, India and Indonesia. Almost all countries where coffee is grown are located in the so-called "coffee belt" (between 10 degrees north and 10 degrees south latitude). Previously, the height of the average coffee tree reached 9 m. Nowadays, for the convenience of harvesting, varieties have been bred up to 3 m. And it has lived for about 60 years. Muslims are considered true coffee lovers. Because of religion, they are forbidden to drink wine, and they have found a substitute for it.

Previously, caffeine was used by marathon runners, but more recently, the International Olympic Committee has recognized it as doping. Instant coffee was invented not long ago. He invented it in 1906 and began selling in 1910 the Belgian George Washington (not to be confused with the American president). Common coffee substitutes are: chicory, acorns, barley, beets, sweet potatoes and Jerusalem artichoke. Of these plants, drinks are brewed to resemble it in taste, and they are most often drunk because of their benefit or when caffeine is poorly tolerated.

Coffee (after oil) leads in terms of sales in the world ranking. Approximately 2.25 billion servings are sold daily. A kilogram of the cheapest variety costs $ 1.5. In Italy, espresso is so appreciated that the government regulates the price for it. In some countries, celebrate the "Coffee Day". These are Japan (October 1), Costa Rica (September 12), Switzerland (May 16), Brazil (May 24) and Ireland (September 19). The lethal dose of caffeine is about 10 g (200 mg per 1 kg of the body), that is, more than 100 cups. The optimal is 400 mg per day (about 5 cups).

The first coffee house appeared in 1554 in Constantinople. Then they opened in Italy (1647), England (1652), America (1670), France (1672), Austria (1683), Germany (1721). Coffee houses often served as a gathering place for revolutionaries and insurgents. For example, there were planned the Boston tea party and the Great French Revolution. As a result, many rulers closed such places.

In England, women signed a petition to ban "sick water", as their husbands spent too much time in the cafe. The New York Stock Exchange and the bank were originally coffee houses.

The largest coffee company in the world is Starbucks. Her story begins in 1971, then it was a roasted coffee shop, opened by 3 friends in Seattle. At the moment, the network has more than 25 thousand coffee houses in 62 countries and is constantly growing. There is constant debate about what is best: tea or coffee. If you compare the amount of caffeine in these drinks, then its tea contains 2-3 times less, although the surge of cheerfulness feels about the same. However, tea does not interfere with easy sleep at night and does not create over-excitement.

But there are negative points. Although coffee reduces the risk of caries, it darkens the color of the teeth. Its use is contraindicated in people with ulcers, gastritis and colitis due to increased acidity of the stomach. With abuse, you may experience headache, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, heart palpitations, and arrhythmia. In this way, The main thing - do not overdo it, so as not to harm yourself.

About what types of coffee drinks exist, see the next video.