Beans: planting and care in the open field

Haricot - known from childhood plant of the legume family. In popularity among vegetable crops, it is among the top ten.So, beans are valued for a large number of easily digestible proteins, the content of which is close to meat and fish. Beans contain many essential substances and amino acids for humans, which is why recently it has been widely used in healthy and sports nutrition.

All the variety of bean seeds is divided into varieties, which differ in the way the plant parts are used in food: you can collect beans individually or together with a pod. Thus, in shelling varieties, only seeds are used for food, and in sugar, the whole pod is whole.

The semi-sugar form in the initial stage of maturation is similar to sugar (asparagus). For culinary purposes, they use beans along with dairy pods. When fully ripe, the pods become rigid and the plant goes into the shelling category.

Sugar (asparagus) beans, even when fully ripe, keep the pods with seeds non-rigid, which allows them to be used as food.

The choice of variety is complicated by the abundance of seed on the shelves of stores. If it is difficult to determine the preferences, it is worth choosing the species that best adapt to the climatic features of a particular region.

So, Moscow White and Nomad are considered the best varieties for growing in central Russia and in the Moscow region. Moscow White Zelenograd's 556 haricot is a variety of medium ripening time with low bushes. The plant is unpretentious, tolerates irregular watering. Large beans are recommended for preservation and home use.

"Nomad" - climbing middle-late species. The plant is resistant to such diseases as anthracnose and gray rot. The fruits are tender, without hard fibers, which allows them to be used fresh for food, they are also good in freezing.

For the Urals, recommended varieties "Oran" and "Pink". "Oran" is an early ripe variety with bushes reaching half a meter in height. Beans are characterized by high yield and excellent taste. The species is also recommended for breeding in the regions of the middle band.

Another early ripe species is the “Pink” bean with strongly curling shoots that can reach 3 meters and need a garter.

In Siberia, the “Winner” and the “Oil King” performed well. Bean "Winner" has proven itself due to the extremely high yield. The nutritional qualities of fruits and their organoleptic composition are also considered among the best (due to the increased content of vegetable protein in them compared to similar species). The plant forms a long scourge with decorative scarlet flowers and large beans. Cold resistance and excellent immunity to diseases have made this variety a favorite among gardeners of Siberia.

The “oil king” is another of the most well-known and beloved cultivar bean varieties with extremely fast (about 1.5 months) ripening time. Low-growing plants produce long thin yellow pods. Delicate fruit with a pod can be used in any dish.

Other varieties proved to be quite good. Interesting types of bean are such as “Ruby”, “Mistress’s Dream”, “Chocolate Girl”, “Golden” and “Spanish White”.

Mid-season "Ruby" is distinguished by a seed of dark red color growing in thin elongated pods. Good taste makes the beans versatile in use in fresh salads, and in conservation.

"Spanish White" is a medium-late variety and develops well after planting in a seedling manner.It is a winding form with short light green pods, in which 5 large white peas matures. The seed has delicate skin and a pleasant taste.

Medium early "Golden" beans form stunted bushes with fruits of yellow color. The seeds are excellent in taste, contain a large amount of vegetable protein.

"Turkish beans" - a very interesting decorative look. Scarlet flowers appear on climbing plants. The seeds themselves are large with an unusual color of different shades of pink, sprinkled with darker lilac spots.

Mid-season variety "Dream hostess" is also well established. On bushes grow medium-sized golden pods with white beans. Wonderful taste qualities of “Dreams of the hostess” make it versatile to use.

Medium late variety "Chocolate" named for the characteristic brown color of the fruit. The bush grows to 60 centimeters in height. Beans are rich in vegetable protein and various trace elements.

The undemanding and high-yielding “Zhuravushka” will delight with milk pods on a short-growing plant.

"The Deer King" will surprise fans of all original. Over the summer, he gives two crops rich in nutritious protein. The mid-early Purple Lady has long dark purple pods. This curly liana gives tender unsurpassed to taste white beans.

High creepers "Blaukhildy" very decorative. The beans and flowers of the plant are colored purple-violet. The fruits are very large, need to be assembled immature. Then they will delight delicate taste.

The early "Melody" is suitable for those who want to get a big harvest in a short time. Up to nine pods of classic green color ripen on a bush.

Often cultivated and semi-sugar beans, the most interesting varieties of which - “Indiana” and “Secunda”. Beans "Indiana" is an early ripe type. In southern areas, he can reward with proper care with two crops. Coloring of beans is very unusual - it is milky with a scattering of burgundy stains.

The early ripe look "Second" gives thin golden pods with yellow-brown seeds. Useful variety lovers home billets.

In unprotected soil sow beans most acceptable in May. It is necessary to pay attention to the weather features of a particular year. Land to the seeding period should be heated to 15 degrees. In order to guarantee a good yield and not lose seedlings due to the frequent return frost, the beans should be planted in several stages. From the second decade of May to the end of June, it is planted in portions every 7-10 days.

Some gardeners trust the lunar sowing calendar, while others trust popular beliefs. According to them, the beans are sown when the bird cherry blossoms and birch buds appear. In the southern regions pay attention to flowering chestnut.

According to the recommendations of the lunar sowing calendar, the beans must be planted on a growing moon, the best thing to do is on the 9-13 lunar day. On the days of the new moon and the full moon, as well as 12 hours before their occurrence and 12 hours after planting no vegetables is recommended.

To speed up the germination of beans and protect them from possible diseases, conduct preplant preparation. To do this, select the largest in size and quality seeds and soak them in a pink solution of potassium permanganate for 15-20 minutes. After they are rinsed with warm water and placed in diluted in water wood ash for 2 hours.The day before planting, the seed is wrapped in a cloth and immersed in warm water.

The plant is undemanding to the composition of the soil, but it is better that the earth was fairly light and fertile. Knowledgeable gardeners say that beans develop worse on the ground with a high content of clay or loam. This happens due to poor drainage in the soil, which leads to rotting of the roots of the plant.

When choosing a plot for a future bed, it is important to remember about crop rotation and not plant a crop where legumes grew in the previous year. Carrots, zucchini, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers are good precursors for beans. The peculiarity of the culture lies in the fact that it itself extracts nitrogen from the air and accumulates it in the underground part. Therefore, soils rich in nitrogen will even be harmful to the plant. Due to an overabundance of this substance, a plant can produce very powerful shoots that will bear fruit badly.

Ground for the beans dig at a depth of 15-20 centimeters, while enriching it with fertilizer. For a square meter of space, 4 kilograms of compost, 2 tablespoons of lime, a tablespoon of ammonium nitrate and 2 tablespoons of superphosphate are taken. This mixture is evenly spread on the ground and dug.

When planting bush and climbing types of beans have their own characteristics. When sowing a bush variety, seeds are buried to a depth of 5-6 cm. Row spacing is 30-40 cm, and the distance between the holes in the row is 20-25 cm.

The beans of climbing varieties are buried in the same way. However, the plants themselves require more free planting. The interval between plants is 25-30 cm, and between rows 45-50 cm. Immediately, it should be possible to support. Capital buildings (a wall, a fence, an arbor), fruit trees or trellis can serve as support.

Beans are sown in the ordinary or tape way, each of which has its own advantages. When ordinary seeding plants are located in one row at a short distance from each other. This type of planting is good when there is a large area of ​​the plot, or when sowing seeds along the fence.

Multiline (belt) sowing requires increased to 60-70 centimeters between the rows. This allows you to better deal with weeds and saves plant care time (due to more economical consumption of moisture and nutrients in the planting group).

When the spring is dry and there is a lack of moisture in the soil, both types of beans are planted 2 centimeters deeper. 3-5 seeds are dipped into each well, sprinkled with earth and compacted well. Landing need to pour abundantly. Shoots thinned out with the appearance of two leaves, leaving the most powerful and viable of them. The beans are good because you can plant several varieties on one bed without fear of over-pollination, because the culture is self-pollinated.

In the process of sprouting the beans, it is important not to miss the moment of formation on the soil of a dense crust. Breaking through it, sprouts can be damaged. Another problem that may appear when planting already well germinated beans is the birds who want to feast on tender juicy shoots and grains.

In the northern regions, seedlings are often used, because the tender shoots may not survive the sudden return of frost. Therefore, a month before planting in unprotected soil, the treated and swollen seeds are sown in pots. It is better to use peat, as the beans do not tolerate damage to the roots. You can keep them at home on the window, but it is better to place in the greenhouse so that the plants are not stunted and stretched out due to lack of light. The temperature of the air in the shelter should not be below 23 degrees.

Traditionally it is believed that this vegetable is unpretentious, and in order to grow beans, no special efforts are needed. It is enough to bury the seeds in the ground in the spring in the country and forget about them until August. In part, this is true, because culture is not capricious. However, if you want to get an excellent harvest of this useful vegetable, you should worry about its proper planting in the open field and following some rules for caring for the plant.

Beans are a fairly well-adapted culture. Seeds germinate in a week. If the temperature of the soil or air falls below the required, the seedlings can stay underground for a long time. In order for the seeds to germinate faster, when soaking them before planting, you can dip them not into ordinary water, but into a solution with growth stimulants. Planted seed material is covered with a film or non-woven material for better heating of the soil. Young shoots for greater sustainability need peat pile.

The plant was brought from warm countries, but it stuck well in temperate climates. The longest daytime has the greatest value for beans. The homeland of culture is located in the equatorial zone with the same length of day and night. In our same latitudes for flowering and better harvest beans pritenyuyut. That is why it is so often planted near trees, under apple trees. This simple effective method protects the plant from excessive drafts.

The correct mode of irrigation is the key to success in the cultivation of beans, because it is very moisture-loving. Do not let the ground dry.

For irrigation, it will be optimal to use settled rain water with a temperature not lower than 20 degrees. To get excellent harvest, water the beans according to a special pattern. After punching germs, watering is carried out no more than 1-2 times a week. When the fifth leaf appears on the plant, watering is stopped and resumed after flowering. During fruit formation, the volume of liquid is doubled.

Culture loves fertilizers on time, especially in need of phosphorus and potassium compounds. Feed the plant at least three times after planting. Do it at intervals of 3-4 weeks. It is good to use complex ready fertilizer with a high percentage of phosphorus and nitrogen. Dry method also make superphosphate when loosening the soil with further irrigation. The rate of feeding with this - 30-40 grams of substance per square meter.

When pods appear and ripen, it is advised to limit organic fertilizers, for example, wood ash. You should not abuse the dressing, because instead of an abundance of pods you can get a rapid growth of tops.

Beans belong to the vegetables, the least susceptible pests or diseases. If you find yellowing of individual sheets, damage to the fruit, the plant is still affected by pests. It should be able to recognize certain types of plant diseases to select the most effective measures to combat them.

In unprotected soil, beans are often affected by powdery mildew. It forms a white bloom on all parts of the plant. Then the damaged parts turn yellow and die. Mealy dew is destroyed by preparations containing sulfur.

Anthracnose is one of the most unpleasant diseases, with round yellow spots and brown streaks appearing on the greenery. It appears with a fairly high humidity or excessive watering of the bush. Leaves gradually turn yellow and die.

White rot covers parts of the plant with white bloom, which eventually begins to soften them.It arises from the soil, hitting first parts of the bush in contact with the ground. Then the fungus spreads to the rest of it. The affected shoots rot and die. Anthracnose and white rot are destroyed by copper preparations (for example, Bordeaux liquid, copper sulfate).

Virus mosaic is carried by aphids. The leaves of the diseased plant change color, become covered with variegated spots, shrivel. Beans are lagging behind in development, they can lose a crop at all. To protect against mosaic, aphids can be prevented from occurring with any broad-spectrum insecticide.

For the prevention of these diseases using some simple measures:

1. It is important to avoid thickening of the plantings, the plants must be sufficiently ventilated. Weeds periodically need to weed.
2. Seeds for planting choose healthy and pickle them before sowing.
3. Be sure to respect the crop rotation and the combination of crops in the neighborhood.
4. Diseased plants are immediately removed and burned, and the soil after them is treated.

The insect pests most commonly affecting the bean sprouts are slugs, moths, kernels and germ fly. In the fight against slugs, sprinkling the soil with wood ash or lime helps well. Against all types of pests of beans, a preventive treatment with universal insecticides has a good effect.

The crop grows better in the southern regions, although in temperate latitudes it is possible to get a bountiful harvest. To do this, select the seeds with the correct zoning and a suitable ripening period.

Seed material for the prevention of diseases must be processed. Crop rotation, proper irrigation, moderate fertilization and a carefully selected planting area will provide you with protein-rich beans. And the plants themselves will saturate the nitrogen-poor soil for the following crops, serving as an excellent siderat.

Sugar and semi-sugar varieties are usually eaten with tender pods. Cut them with scissors, a knife. For this purpose, you can use and pruner. Harvesting is carried out not one day, but in stages. First, remove the largest fruits, giving to ripen and pour others. So the removal of the pods can last several weeks. If the variety is grown for the sake of seeds, then they are removed very overripe.

The collection of grain varieties is usually also in steps.

Several signs indicate that the crop is ready to harvest:

• the beans thunder in their dried box and are easily separated from it;
• the pods dry out and become strong;
• The pods change color from green to yellow, and brightly colored (purple, yellow, black) become paler.

The grains of shelling and semi-sugar varieties are removed from the boxes and dried, spreading out in a thin layer in a dry and well-blown place. In sealed glass containers they can be stored for several years. The green part of the plant is cut and burned to avoid the spread of disease. It is not necessary to remove the underground part, as it saturates the earth with nitrogen and ennobles it for subsequent crops of the new season.

See the following video for tips on growing beans in a greenhouse.